smithgemini1998

smithgemini1998
Member since Apr 17th, 2023

Circulating Tumor Cells

Created 4 months ago

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been shown to exhibit a significant degree of cellular heterogeneity in single-cell omics data in recent years. This heterogeneity is indicative of both the possible tumor heterogeneity inside a single patient as well as between different individuals. The identification of heterologous resistance mechanisms in the treatment of refractory malignancies has been made possible by these investigations. The existence and degree of heterogeneity identified by the single-cell omics analysis of CTCs have significant clinical implications for comprehending and forecasting the emergence of therapeutic resistance in different types of solid tumors as well as for creating effective therapeutic approaches for the management of cancer treatments.

Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification

Created 4 months ago

The isothermal process and high specificity of powerful and simple isothermal nucleic acid amplification make it a desirable technique for nucleic acid detection. Scientists at Creative Biolabs are able to build the most appropriate microfluidic chips to enable the realization of POC detection by combining isothermal nucleic acid amplification with microfluidic technology. This allows for the miniaturization of the isothermal nucleic acid amplification detection system. Microfluidic chips are available for all popular isothermal amplification technologies, such as but not restricted to:

RPA and Microfluidics

isothermal DNA amplification dependent on helicases (HDA),

polymerase amplification using recombinase (RPA),

sequence-based amplification of nucleic acids (NASBA),

amplification mediated by transcription (TMA),

circular amplification (RCA) in rolling

and amplification by strand displacement (SDA).

BTN2A1 Antibody

Created 4 months ago

This gene is a member of the butyrophilin protein family's BTN2 subfamily of genes, which encodes proteins. The gene is part of the growing B7/butyrophilin-like group, a subgroup of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, and is found in a cluster on chromosome 6. The encoded protein plays a crucial role in the metabolism of lipids, fatty acids, and steroids as a B box protein in the plasma membrane.

For more: BTN2A1 antibody

Non-IgG Antibodies in Disease Diagnosis

Created 4 months ago

IgA, which comes in both monomeric and dimeric forms, is the second most prevalent antibody in human serum. Its significance for the first line of defense against infections underscores its potential for use in the diagnosis of illness. High levels of lipoprotein Z (LppZ)-specific IgA have been linked to latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis (TB), according to Xiao et al. (2017). IgA levels could be used as an additional marker to identify LTBI and tuberculosis infections and to track the progress of treatment. The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach for the detection of both IgA and IgG antibodies for the diagnosis of Cystoisospora suis infections was reported by Shrestha et al. (2018). For more: non-IgG antibodies in disease diagnosis

Induction of Ribosomal Stress by Anticancer Agents

Created 4 months ago

Comprising over 80 distinct ribosomal proteins, ribosomes are essential to translational activities. Apart from translating proteins, the ribosomal proteins are involved in repairing DNA, regulating cell death, and preserving equilibrium within the cell. Most malignancies are caused by hyperactive ribosomal biogenesis, which presents a significant opportunity for researchers to find less genotoxic cancer therapies that induce ribosomal stress through the p53 tumor suppressor pathway. How Does Ribosomal Stress Inhibit Cancer? Ribosomal stress, also known as "impaired ribosome biogenesis checkpoint (IRBC)," is the mechanism by which particular ribosomal proteins connect to the ubiquitin-protein ligase MDM2 (or HDM2 in humans), blocking the p53 ubiquitylation and destruction. Ribosomal proteins or RNA polymerase I (Pol I) inhibitors have the ability to induce ribosomal stress and activate p53, which can subsequently hinder tumor cell growth, trigger immune-mediated elimination of pre-malignant cells, and trigger cellular senescence. The natural damage that induces ribosomal stress and the signals that mediate the response must be resolved in order to discover cancer treatments. Recently, Pol I inhibitors-based cancer therapies targeting the MYC proto-oncogene protein have been created.

Half-life Assay by Biolayer Interferometry

Created 6 months ago

Half-life Assay by Biolayer Interferometry

Because of its capacity to bind the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), immunoglobulin G (IgG) is well known to have an abnormally extended serum half-life compared to other natural proteins. Therefore, by assessing a therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibody's ability to bind to FcRn, its in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics can be deduced. Due to its high throughput and high accuracy, biolayer interferometry has gained widespread acceptance in the field of protein research as a method to assess the ability of proteins to attach to one another.

Label-Independent Strategies

Created 6 months ago

For ribosomal proteomics research, a number of label-dependent techniques have been quickly developed thanks to advancements in mass spectrometry (MS) technology. The most popular technique is multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), for instance. Label-independent techniques show no advantages over label-dependent MS-based solutions in terms of sensitivity and repeatability. However, because MS is not labeled, label-independent techniques are less likely to obstruct MS identification.

The type and relative amounts of particular peptides can be ascertained in ribosomal proteomics studies using linearly correlated MS data from varied concentrations of peptides, such as m/z, spectrum counts, or peak measurements. For ribosomal proteome investigation, we have successfully integrated RFHR 2-DE with LC-MS/MS in recent years. Additionally, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) is a tag-free MS-based protein identification technique that is mostly used for small-scale validation of intriguing protein candidates.

VirACEpt for SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral

Created 6 months ago

Nelfinavir is a non-peptide competitive HIV protease inhibitor that prevents viral gag and gagpol polyprotein products from being processed into viral structural proteins and enzymes. In acute and chronically infected cells, this interference will stop the maturation of infectious virus particles, effectively halting the spread of disease. The average dose of nelfinavir (IC95) required to achieve 95% inhibition of viral replication is 59 nmol/L. The inhibitory constant (Ki) of nelfinavir on HIV-1 protease in the in vitro activity test is 1.7 nmol/L. For more: VirACEpt for SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral

Microfluidic Monitoring

Created 6 months ago

POCT is required to serve as a quick way for an immediate diagnosis and therapy on-site. The most crucial characteristics of contemporary POCT diagnostic devices are short analysis times and excellent sensitivity. Since they can incorporate the functional modules used in the laboratory into a small chip and miniaturize them, microfluidic lab-on-a-chip techniques have been hailed as one of the most promising ideas. HIV monitoring with CD4 counting profilers A flow cytometer, the gold standard of CD4 monitoring technology, is neither portable nor affordable. Our groups have created a number of commercial CD4-counting POCT diagnostic tools from academic research to clinical practice to satisfy the critical need for POCT HIV monitoring. For more: microfluidic monitoring

Single Cell Transcriptomics

Created 6 months ago

By simultaneously detecting the RNA of hundreds to thousands of genes, single cell transcriptomics enables the measurement of the level of gene expression in individual cells within a particular population. It is a game-changing technology that is swiftly expanding our knowledge of biology. Single Cell has created numerous single cell transcriptome platforms, such as the single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) platform, the single cell CRISPR screening platform, the single cell immune profiling platform, and the spatial gene expression profiling platform, allowing us to offer our customers a complete, all-in-one solution for cell characterization and gene expression profiling.

WTS Bioinformatics Analysis

Created 6 months ago

The development of NGS platforms places an increasing burden on statistical techniques and bioinformatic tools to handle and analyze the massive volumes of data. NGS technologies are becoming more and more crucial in the domains of oncology and immunology due to their cost-effectiveness, remarkable sequencing speed, high resolution, and accuracy in genomic analysis. For medical diagnosis and therapy, the combined power of NGS and bioinformatics analysis is essential. A variety of different tools have been created by scientists for the WTS bioinformatics analysis process. We are able to provide a number of options, ranging from the analysis of differential expression to the detection of mutations and fusion transcripts. Among other things, our WTS bioinformatics analysis focuses on the following: 1) biomarker identification, 2) evolutionary study, 3) resistance study, and 5) therapeutic development.

Ad fiber knob CEA TandAb

Created 6 months ago

Recombinant Anti-Ad fiber knob x Anti-CEA scIgG is intended to be expressed as two chains, each of which contains the identical immunoglobulin units as the anti-Ad fiber knob and anti-CEA IgGs from the parent antibodies. Using Fc KIH, the two chains combine to form a heterodimer. Adenoviral vectors can be retargeted by this BsAb to tumor cells. It can be applied in cancer gene therapy to deliver a therapeutic gene to tumor cells with the goal of efficient and targeted cell death.

C1q Binding Assay

Created 6 months ago

Antibodies use the complement system as a technique to get rid of infections and cancer cells in the body. It is a group of tiny proteins that circulate in the blood as inactive precursors. The first stage of the conventional complement pathway is called C1q. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgM can start the classical route and fix complement. The complement cascade is only activated when the antibody attaches to its antigen, and this regulation is very stringent. The C1q binding test emphasizes the activation of the C1 complex, which happens when C1q binds to many immunoglobulin (IgG) molecules complexed with an antigen. The C1 complex is made up of a single C1q molecule and two C1r and C1s molecules.

SPR-based C1q binding test (Our team has created a sensitive C1q Biacore assay that may identify variations in glycosylation) a platform for broad mAb testing and identification using a C1q-binding ELISA. Both techniques can be used to show binding or a lack thereof for any form of therapeutic biosimilar or biobetter antibody.

Half-Life Extension by Lipidation

Created 7 months ago

Peptides and tiny protein scaffolds are gaining popularity as non-toxic treatments. They have several qualities in common with full-length antibodies, including strong affinity for ligands, great target specificity, minimal toxicity, and a relatively tiny mass small enough to permeate into tissues. Despite their effectiveness, tiny biotherapeutics have a relatively limited half-life in circulation, which limits their applicability. As a result, various successful half-life extension techniques have been developed in recent decades to overcome this constraint. Half-life extension by lipidation refers to peptides and proteins that have been non-covalently conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA) via fatty acid binding.

This strategy has been demonstrated to be one of the most effective approaches for developing biotherapeutics with effective pharmacokinetic features and high efficacy. HSA contains nine distinct fatty acid binding sites, each of which not only recognizes fatty acids but may also bind fatty acids conjugated to bigger molecules. As a result, peptide lipidation increases albumin interactions and has the potential to be turned into a strategy for improving the pharmacokinetic features of peptide medicines.

Some investigations have developed an albumin-binding ligand that mixes peptides and fatty acids based on the chimera. Due to the presence of an amino acid chain in the ligand, a fatty acid will be linked to a short peptide. The fatty acid has a low affinity for albumin and the peptide moiety may boost the affinity by creating new contacts with albumin. More crucially, this albumin ligand may enhance the half-life of peptide medicines, greatly expanding their use.

Ribosome and Osteogenic Sarcoma

Created 7 months ago

Ribosome and Osteogenic Sarcoma

Osteosarcoma, commonly known as osteosarcoma (OS), is the most frequent primary skeletal cancer and is distinguished by spindle cell development of the osteoid. In the pediatric age range, OS is the leading cause of cancer-related death. OS is most common in quickly growing bone regions, particularly the extremities, and represents 35% of all primary malignant bone tumors. Although techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dynamic bone scintigraphy have aided in the treatment of OS, the long-term survival of patients with metastases remains inadequate. As a result, additional research into the molecular processes of OS carcinogenesis and metastasis is on the horizon.

Ribosomes and Cancer Ribosomes in mammals are made up of a 40S subunit and a 60S subunit. Ribosomes are involved in a variety of biological functions as in vivo protein production factories. Ribosome synthesis must be precisely regulated for life to occur. Ribosome synthesis necessitates the co-assembly of several ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and ribosomal proteins (RPs). However, emerging data suggests that aberrant RP expression occurs in a variety of prevalent cancers, including prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, and gastrointestinal tumors.

Darunavir for SARS-CoV-2

Created 7 months ago

Darunavir is an oral nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor that prevents viral maturation, proteolytic activity, and HIV-1 replication by specifically inhibiting the cleavage of HIV polyproteins. Darunavir has a high affinity for HIV-1 protease and has significant antiviral action against both wild-type and multidrug-resistant HIV-1. The medicine is now useful for treatment-experienced patients with limited therapeutic alternatives as part of an antiretroviral therapy regimen for HIV-1 infection. Recently, two protease inhibitors, lopinavir and ritonavir, were utilized in clinical efficacy tests with promising results. Darunavir for SARS-CoV-2 was developed to target viral proteinases, and researchers assessed drug-target interaction (DTI) predictions of antiviral medicines on the market against SARS-CoV-2 helicase, with darunavir expected to have a Kd of 90.38 nM against SARS-CoV-2 helicase. Darunavir has a Kd of 195.73 nM, according to DTI predictions of anti-viral medicines available against a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 3'-to-5' exonuclease (Beck, 2020). Although there is no current supporting literature for darunavir to be employed as a CoV treatment, lopinavir may be a potent anti-coronavirus medicine in future research.

MEMS Microfluidics

Created 7 months ago

Because of their high sensitivity, high throughput, and low cost, microfluidic chips have gradually become powerful tools for biological analysis in the fields of fundamental biology, clinical applications, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Among these, the timely detection and analysis of biologically active small molecules in physiological processes such as oligonucleotides, oligopeptides, oligosaccharides, vitamins, minerals, and metabolites is critical for guiding therapeutic medication and predicting disease prognosis. Small biomolecules are found in the body's tissues, organs, bones, and tears, as well as saliva, sweat, urine, and blood. For more: MEMS Microfluidics

Single Cell for COVID-19

Created 7 months ago

At the moment, significant progress has been made in SARS-CoV-2 research. According to research, SARS-CoV-2 primarily uses ACE2 as a receptor for cellular entry, and this process is dependent on TMPRSS2 protease activity and cathepsin B/L activity as a substitute. We present single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA-seq) data to characterize the gene expression changes in various tissues and cells from COVID-19 patients. We can then speculate on the possible genes involved in virus entry and determine which cell types are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Emerging single-cell epigenomic methods, particularly high-throughput single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq), have transformed our understanding of gene regulation. Single-cell ATAC-seq can help us understand ACE2 sequence variation and changes in cell subtype proportions in organs between species. We can advance single cell for COVID-19 research by selecting the best-fit animal model based on ATAC-seq data analyses.

Microfluidic Health Monitoring

Created 9 months ago

Microfluidic health monitoring devices provide revolutionary tools for biological diagnostics and industrial applications. Miniaturized microfluidic sensors integrate key steps such as sample collection, separation, and detection into a single chip and realize automatic and multi-functional analysis. The microfluidic chip is easy to operate, easy to carry, and convenient for on-site deployment, providing a new option for tedious and time-consuming laboratory testing. Microfluidic technology can be further combined with electrochemical, optical, mass spectrometry, and other technologies to greatly expand its function and usability. Microfluidic systems have a wide range of applications in public health monitoring, including food safety management, environmental monitoring, veterinary diagnostics, organic wastewater treatment, and forensic science.

Exosome Applications

Created 9 months ago

Exosomes have specialized functions and play a key role in different physiological processes and pathological conditions. Consequently, exosomes have attracted increasing attention in their clinical applications for prognosis, diagnosis, drug delivery, and vaccine development. Here, we give an introduction to the different exosome applications. Diagnostic Applications Biomarker: Exosomes released by cells into bodily fluids display different protein, lipid, and RNA contents in healthy individuals and patients with different diseases, indicating that exosomes can be utilized as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. Moreover, the collection of exosomes from different samples such as blood, urine, and saliva represents minimally or non-invasive diagnostic approaches. Thus, exosomes serve as alternatives to traditional needle or excision biopsies due to the reduced patient pain and inconvenience, greater speed, and lower cost of analysis. It has been demonstrated that they could be used to determine the onset or progress of multiple diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, pregnancy, infectious diseases, etc. Therapeutic Applications Drug delivery: As natural carriers of signaling molecules, exosomes are exploited for their potential in therapeutic delivery. After they are loaded with exogenous cargo molecules, exosomes can attach to target cells by a range of surface adhesion proteins and vector ligands, and deliver their payload to target cells. Exosome-based drug formulations may be applied to a wide variety of disorders, such as cancer and various infectious, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. Exosomes offer appealing features for drug delivery by providing the advantages of both synthetic nanocarriers and cell-mediated drug delivery: Biocompatibility Stability in the circulation Biological barrier permeability Low immunogenicity and toxicity

Asialoglycoprotein Receptor

Created 9 months ago

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundantly produced antibody isotype in mammals. The primary function of IgA is to maintain homeostasis on mucosal surfaces and play a role in immune protection. IgA functions mainly through interaction with multiple receptors, including the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). ASGPR is a type C carbohydrate-binding lectin that mediates the clearance of various defective plasma glycoprotein molecules from the body. These receptors also identify and bind to pathogen membrane glycoproteins to efficiently clear them from circulation by receptor-mediated endocytosis and play a pivotal role in preventing hepatocyte infections, inflammation, and cancer.

Midbody Ring

Created 9 months ago

At the end of cytokinesis, the dividing cells are connected by an intercellular bridge, containing the midbody along with a single, densely ubiquitylated circular structure called the midbody ring(MR). MRs are large (about 1.5 m), ring-like macromolecular assemblies that contain several proteins, including centriolin2, MKLP1 (ref. 7), the de-ubiquitylation enzyme USP8 (also known as UBPY)8, and the multifunctional anti-apoptotic ubiquitin ligase BRUCE3, 9, which has a relative molecular mass of 528,000 (Mr 528K).

In Vitro Diagnostics

Created 9 months ago

In vitro diagnostics (IVD) are tests used to detect and diagnose disease, infections, or other medical conditions, including the state of health, in order to cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease or its sequelae. They’re intended for use in the collection, preparation, and examination of specimens taken from the human body.

Common uses for in vitro diagnostics include, but are not limited to, disease screening, infection detection, therapeutic monitoring, ensuring blood is safe to be used in transfusions, recognizing allergies, and the measurement of hormones and other biological markers in body specimens.

Antibodies have become a critical component of many diagnostic assays. Creative Biolabs develops and licenses antibodies for use in In Vitro Diagnostic (IVD) assays as a qualified IVD supplier. With integrated antibody development and engineering techniques, we offer a comprehensive IVD antibody and immunodiagnostic kit development platform that provides either individual service modules or a fully comprehensive service. We tailor services to develop high-quality IVD antibodies on multiple hot diagnostics against a variety of disease targets with low cross-reactivity for the development of immunology methods including immunonephelometry, sandwich ELISA, lateral flow, electrochemiluminescence, and immunohistochemical pathology fields to meet the needs of our valued IVD clients.

What Is Immunoassay Test?

Created 9 months ago

What is immunoassay test? Immunoassays are based on the principle that a particular antigen will stimulate a very specific (unique) immune response, and proteins (called antibodies) produced through an immune response can be used to detect the presence of a target compound in a sample. Immunoassays are fast and accurate tests used to check biological systems by tracking different proteins and antibodies. Immunoassays rely on the ability of an antibody to bind to a specific molecular structure and can be used to detect specific molecules in the laboratory.

Half-Life Extension Chemical Modifications

Created 9 months ago

Half-life extension chemical modification of peptides and proteins has become an essential route to enhance the PK profile of biopharmaceuticals. Herein we provide an overview of some important chemical modifications to extend the half-life of biopharmaceuticals, which are alternatives to PEGylation. The emphasis is on chemical moieties, the biophysical properties they direct, and their biological compatibility. One approach to improving the pharmacokinetic properties of peptides relies on chemical moieties that convey protraction by binding to albumin and promote self-assembly to form larger structures. Biopharmaceuticals modified to bind to albumin have an extended mode of action, which in principle can approach the 19-day half-life of albumin. Alternative strategies to improve PK properties rely on covalent conjugation or fusion with long-lived macromolecules with low immunogenicity.

Drug Development Targets in Ribosome

Created 9 months ago

Research into bacterial ribosomes and the development of ribosome-targeting antibiotics have been important in the fight against pathogenic bacteria and have made outstanding contributions to human health. However, serious problems have developed, including bacterial drug resistance and the toxicity of ribosomal antibiotics due to their low selectivity. Great advances have been made to deal with the issues of drug resistance and the selectivity and toxicity of ribosomes targeting antibacterial agents. Among all solutions, virtual screening and enzymatic activity assay-based screening to discover ribosome-targeting antimicrobials with novel chemical structures or scaffolds are the most important strategies. However, the complexity of ribosome structures has impeded the development of receptor-based docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and activity-based screening. Recently, advances in ligand-based drug discovery and artificial intelligence have facilitated the virtual discovery of drug development targets in ribosomes—ribosome targeting antimicrobials. In addition, with the development of cryo-electron microscopy technology and novel screening strategies, such as cell-free in vitro transcription and translation systems, opportunities to develop novel antimicrobials with greater accuracy and efficiency are emerging.

Ribavirin for SARS-CoV-2

Created 9 months ago

One of the fastest and most effective methods of drug discovery is to test whether existing antiviral drugs can effectively treat emerging viral infections. Researchers are evaluating countermeasures for SARS-CoV-2 using SARS and MERS as prototypes. Several antiviral drugs, including ribavirin, interferons, and the anti-HIV combination lopinavir/ritonavir or remdesivir, have shown promise against MERS in animal models and are being assessed versus SARS-CoV-2. Ribavirin is a guanosine analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity and has been used to treat severe respiratory syncytial virus infection, HCV infection, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. Its exact mechanism of action is unclear, but inhibition of mRNA capping and induction of mutations in RNA-dependent viral replication have been considered possible antiviral mechanisms for RNA viruses. Although ribavirin for SARS-CoV-2 has been treating the coronavirus family for a long time, its efficacy and safety for SARS-CoV-2 need to be further validated and evaluated.

Single Cell RNA-Seq Analysis

Created 9 months ago

The authors used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify a noncoding RNA (ncRNA) called LINC00968 that mediates resistance to sorafenib treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Sorafenib is a drug that inhibits multiple kinases involved in cancer growth and survival, but most HCC patients develop resistance to it after an initial response. The authors of the paper found that LINC00968 was highly expressed in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and that knocking down LINC00968 sensitized them to sorafenib-induced apoptosis. They also showed that LINC00968 interacted with a protein called YBX1 and regulated its nuclear localization and transcriptional activity. YBX1 is known to be involved in various aspects of cancer biology, such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The authors suggested that LINC00968 could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC patients.

Epitope-specific Antibody Design

Created 9 months ago

With our well-established epitope-specific antibody design platform, we are confident in providing unique epitope-specific antibodies with high specificity and affinity.

Due to their ability to bind certain molecules with high affinity and specificity, antibodies have become potent tools in life sciences research as well as in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Generally, it is arduous and sometimes difficult to produce antibodies to target specific epitopes within a protein, especially when these epitopes are not effective antigens. Therefore, Creative Biolabs has established a more rational strategy for antibody design, which is a peer-reviewed protein engineering algorithm. It is based on natural mAb backbone conformations and sequences, which enable the design of human, highly developable, and stable epitope-specific mAbs. In general, our novel epitope-specific antibody design service mainly consists of Antibody Structure modeling, Antibody-antigen Complex Analysis, Computer-aided Affinity Maturation, Antibody Structure Determination, and Experimental Validation.

Cosmetic Microbiological Analysis

Created 9 months ago

Cosmetics are products of chemical or natural origin used on the skin. Most cosmetics contain some nutrients that can promote growth, such as lipids, polysaccharides, proteins, amino acids, steroids, peptides, and vitamins. Moreover, the production, storage, transportation, and use conditions of cosmetic products are all conducive to the reproduction of microorganisms. Therefore, cosmetic microbiological analysis of cosmetic products is necessary to ensure their safety and effectiveness. Creative Biolabs provides a variety of cosmetic microbiological analysis services.