African American veterans have benefited less than others from the G.I. Bill. The G.I. Bill aimed to help American World War II veterans adjust to civilian life by providing them with benefits including low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans and financial support. African Americans did not benefit from nearly as much as European Americans. Historian Ira Katznelson argues that "the law was deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow". Of the first 67,000 mortgages insured by the G.I. Bill, fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites.