Television animation developed from the success of animated movies in the first half of the 20th century. The state of animation changed dramatically in the four decades starting with the post-World War II proliferation of television. While studios gave up on the big-budget theatrical short cartoons that thrved in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, new television animation studios would thrive based on the economy and volume of their output. By the end of the 1980s, most of the Golden Age animators had retired or died, and their younger successors were ready to change the industry and the way that animation was perceived.