A Master of Arts (Latin: Magister Artium; abbreviated M.A., MA; also Latin: Artium Magister, abbreviated A.M., or AM) is a type of master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with the Master of Science degree. Those admitted to the degree typically study English, History, Communication, International Relations, International Business Administration, European Studies or other of the Humanities, Philosophy and Social Sciences; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, in respect of research, or a combination of the two.