Mixed-member proportional representation is a hybrid two-tier voting system. MMP was originally used to elect representatives to the German Bundestag, which has also been adopted by New Zealand, Lesotho, Bolivia and Romania (only in 2008 and 2012 elections). MMP is a hybrid method that uses party list proportional representation (PR) as its proportional component, and currently (but not necessarily) first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) as its district component. It is considered a mixed system (also known as a hybrid system or a semi-proportional representation system), which is a distinct voting system. "An electoral system is "mixed" if more than one formula is employed to distribute legislative seats." Biproportional apportionment, first used in Zurich in 2006, is a hybrid method for adjus