On Being a Pagan, originally published in French under the title Comment peut-on être païen? ("How can one be a pagan"), is a book by the French philosopher Alain de Benoist. Originally published in 1981, it was first published in English in 2004. The book is a detailed and in-depth critique of the metaphysical and ethical concepts of Judeo-Christian tradition that have been influencing the Western culture over the past two thousand years. De Benoist details how many of these religious concepts have, over time, transformed into secular concepts and thinking, which in turn have had a great impact on Western ideologies, philosophies and attitudes. He traces the thinking of both Marx and Freud to their Judeo-Christian origins, and theorizes that racial intolerance, among other things, might h