The second economy in the Soviet Union was the informal sector in the economy of the Soviet Union. The term was suggested by Gregory Grossman in his seminal article, "The Second Economy of the USSR" (1977). Economist Gerard Roland noted that as Grossman anticipated, "the logic of the second economy tended over time to undermine the logic of the command system and to lead to expanding black markets." This prediction was corroborated by the long-term analysis of the economies of Russia and Ukraine, 1965-89 by Treml and Alexeev. To a varying degree, second economy influenced all Eastern Bloc economies.