Anti-Judaism, Judenhass, or Jew-hatred is the "total or partial opposition to Judaism as a religion—and the total or partial opposition to Jews as adherents of it—by persons who accept a competing system of beliefs and practices and consider certain genuine Judaic beliefs and practices inferior." The Christian doctrine of supersessionism, and the Islamic doctrine of tahrif, both exemplify the formation of religious identity by appropriating and adapting Jewish texts while defining Judaism as a constitutive other and essential enemy.