Chalcography (from Ancient Greek χαλκός, chalcos, meaning copper, and γράφειν, graphein, meaning 'to write'), are engravings on copper plates used for printmaking and illustrations, although the term has also been used of engravings on any type of metal. The by Antonio Bettini is the most ancient book bearing chalcographies, printed in Florence on September 10, 1477 from . Its primacy is contested by Ptolemy's Cosmographia, printed in Bologna on June 23, 1477 from , a Latin translation from Jacopo d'Angelo, containing geographical charts and maps by Taddeo Crivelli, engraved in copper plates.