Indonesia following independence from the Netherlands in the 1940s to the Indonesian killings of 1965–66 was subjected to extensive cultural change, and a range of possible political directions suring the Sukarno era. The emergence of various literary styles in the period 1950-1965 can not be separated from the existence of cultural polemic in Indonesia. In the midst of an ideological war going on, came the cultural institutions that represent each of the main competing ideologies.