Of the sixteen presidents of the Philippines, a number have shown proficiency in languages other than English and Tagalog (which would later become the basis of the national language, Filipino). Of these, only one, Emilio Aguinaldo, was not proficient in English during his tenure, although he along with a number of other presidents are proficient in Spanish, the former colonial language of the Philippines. Some presidents, meanwhile, have also exhibited proficiency in other Philippine languages such as Cebuano, Kapampangan and Ilocano, as well as other foreign languages.