The Soviet Athletics Championships (Russian: Чемпионат СССР по лёгкой атлетике) was an annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the , which served as the Soviet national championship for the sport. The competition lasted from 1920 to 1991, being replaced by various national competitions in the post-Soviet states thereafter. It was part of the quadrennial athletics at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR from 1963 to 1991, though discrete Spartakiad and Soviet Championships were held in 1986. The winners of the event were almost exclusively Soviet nationals, though a limited number of foreign athletes did win the event following an open invitation at the 1979 and 1983 Spartakiads.