Lumpenbourgeoisie is a term used in colonial sociology to describe members of the middle class and upper class (merchants, lawyers, industrialists, etc.) who have little collective self-awareness or economic base and who support the colonial masters. It is often attributed to Andre Gunder Frank in 1972, although the term is already present in Paul Baran's The Political Economy of Growth from 1957. A compound of the German word Lumpen (rags) and French word bourgeoisie, it follows Karl Marx's concept of the lumpenproletariat, a rejected underclass that sides readily with the elite bourgeoisie.