In printing, 2-up, 3-up, or more generally N-up, is a page layout strategy in which multiple pre-rendered pages are composited onto a single page; achieved by reduction in size, possible rotations, and subsequent arrangement in a grid pattern. The primary purpose of N-up printing is to reduce the number of pages that a printed work would otherwise require without having to re-edit, index, or flow the layout of the individual pages of an existing work. N-up printing should not be confused with multiple column layout or the pre-press imposition process.