The Ottoman Caliphate (Ottoman Turkish: خلافت مقامى‎, Turkish: hilâfet makamı; "the office of caliphate"), under the Ottoman dynasty of the Ottoman Empire, was the last Islamic caliphate of the late medieval and the early modern era. During the period of Ottoman expansion, Ottoman rulers claimed caliphal authority since the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by Selim I in 1517, which bestowed the title of Defender of the Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina upon him and strengthened the Ottoman claim to caliphate in the Muslim world, although the title of “caliph” had been claimed by Ottoman rulers starting with Murad I.