Tinbergen's four questions
Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include: ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, in particular the behaviour (1) adaptive function and (2) phylogenetic history; and the proximate explanations, in particular the (3) underlying physiological mechanisms and (4) ontogenetic/developmental history.
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1963 in scienceAnimal Behavior QuestionsAnimal behavior questionsAristotleAristotle's biologyBehavior-altering parasiteBehavioral ecologyBiologyBody size and species richnessComparative psychologyConservation behaviorElectric fishEthology (journal)Evolutionary developmental psychologyEvolutionary medicineEvolutionary psychologyFour causesHumanitiesInterdisciplinarityLevel of analysisList of Dutch discoveriesNeuroethologyNikolaas TinbergenOntogenyOutline of anthropologyOutline of the humanitiesPaternal carePeriodic table of human sciencesPollutant-induced abnormal behaviourProximate and ultimate causationSocial Bonding and Nurture KinshipSocial scienceSociobiologyTime perceptionTinbergen
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Tinbergen's four questions
Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. These are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis. It suggests that an integrative understanding of behaviour must include: ultimate (evolutionary) explanations, in particular the behaviour (1) adaptive function and (2) phylogenetic history; and the proximate explanations, in particular the (3) underlying physiological mechanisms and (4) ontogenetic/developmental history.
has abstract
As quatro perguntas de Tinberg ...... genética / de desenvolvimento.
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Tinbergen's four questions, na ...... genetic/developmental history.
@en
أسئلة تنبرگن الأربعة (بالإنجلي ...... التطور، و عمل الآليات الحالية.
@ar
ティンバーゲンの4つのなぜとは、ニコ・ティンバーゲンにちなん ...... アン・ハクスリー、エルンスト・マイヤーからも提案されている。
@ja
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As quatro perguntas de Tinberg ...... genética / de desenvolvimento.
@pt
Tinbergen's four questions, na ...... genetic/developmental history.
@en
أسئلة تنبرگن الأربعة (بالإنجلي ...... التطور، و عمل الآليات الحالية.
@ar
ティンバーゲンの4つのなぜとは、ニコ・ティンバーゲンにちなん ...... アン・ハクスリー、エルンスト・マイヤーからも提案されている。
@ja
label
Quatro perguntas de Tinbergen
@pt
Tinbergen's four questions
@en
أسئلة تينبرغن الأربعة
@ar
ティンバーゲンの4つのなぜ
@ja
틴버겐의 네 가지 질문
@ko