Murage was a medieval toll for the building or repair of town walls in England and Wales. The term 'murage', while having this specific meaning could also refer to other aid for walls or to the walls themselves. It generally is applied to defensive towns walls but can also refer to flood defences and sea walls. The tax was taken in many towns in Ireland and in English possessions in France. (see the numerous calendars of royal rolls. For Ireland Thomas, A., 1992, The Walled Towns of Ireland 2. Vols (Irish Academic Press) mentions most grants.)