NORDEFCO (Nordic Defence Cooperation) is a collaboration among the Nordic countries in the area of defence. Its five members are Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The aim of the organization is to strengthen the member countries' defence capabilities by identifying areas for cooperation and to promote effective solutions. The memorandum of understanding was signed in Helsinki on November 4, 2009, succeeding NORDSUP, NORDAC, and NORDCAPS, previous parallel cooperative arrangements. In 2013, the agency found that many of its efforts had failed to meet requirements.