Gestalt qualities (Gestaltqualitäten in German) were introduced by the Austrian philosopher Christian von Ehrenfels (1859–1932). The remarkable essay "On Gestalt Qualities," published in 1890 by Ehrenfels has given a name to one of the most characteristic schools of scientific thought in our time and thereby established its existence formally. It is responsible for the word "Gestalt" having acquired citizenship in the English language; and even the term "Ehrenfels qualities" is encountered here and there in American psychological literature as a term designating Gestalt properties. The qualities were based on tests done by flashing lights for certain amounts of time. This discovery later led to the famous Gestalt effect discovered by Max Wertheimer. A formed Gestalt always is entire, compl