Portuguese abstract art is historically linked to the Portuguese artist group Independents' exhibitions. The exhibitions' main organizer and coordinator, painter and architect Fernando Lanhas, coincidentally is the central figure of Portuguese abstractionism. Between 1946 and 1950, there were four more independent exhibitions in Bookstore Gallery Portugála, in Oporto in '46, '48 and '50, and in Braga in '49. From 1943 to 1950, exhibited in almost all expositions were the Independents painters Fernando Lanhas, Júlio Resende, Júlio Pomar, Nadir Afonso, , , , , , and .