Leonard Esau Baum (August 23, 1931 – August 14, 2017) was an American mathematician, known for the Baum–Welch algorithm and Baum–Sweet sequence. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Harvard University in 1953, and earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Harvard in 1958, with a dissertation entitled Derivations in Commutative Semi-Simple Banach Algebras. He developed the Baum–Welch Algorithm with Lloyd Welch while working for the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) in Princeton, New Jersey, which enabled the development of speech recognition and had applications in cryptanalysis and genetics. He coined the motto of IDA: "Bad ideas is good, good ideas is terrific, no ideas is terrible." Later, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Baum used mathematical models for currency trading, working with Monemet