Orly Ruth Shenker (Hebrew: שנקר, אורלי‎, born 1960) is an Israeli philosopher of physics and philosopher of mind whose research topics have included Maxwell's demon, entropy and fractal geometry, viewed through a form of physicalism that she calls "flat physicalism". She is an associate professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem where she holds the Eleanor Roosevelt Chair in History and Philosophy of Science and directs the Sidney M. Edelstein Centre for History and Philosophy of Science, Technology and Medicine. She is also founding president of The Pond: Network of Philosophy of Science around the Mediterranean, and editor-in-chief of the book series Jerusalem Studies in Philosophy and History of Science.