Turchaninov (Russian: Турчанинов, sometimes transliterated as Turchin) was a surname of several noble families in the Russian Empire. It was also a noble family of Don Cossacks origin from stanitsa Aksayskaya and Starocherkasskaya. The surname Turchaninov might have originated from the archaic word turchanin (Russian: турчанин), meaning "Turk". That was the traditional name that was given to the Turkish prisoners captured during numerous Russo-Turkish wars.