Turkmen Armenia or Turcoman Armenia refers to the history of medieval Armenia under the two consecutive rules of two Turkmen tribal federations known as Kara Koyunlu and then Ak Koyunlu, and the brief occupation by the Timurid Empire, until the Armenian Highlands were reincorporated into the Persianate. Because these tribal confederations were often centered in the Armenian Highlands, contemporary sources sometimes referred to the region as "Armenia or Turcomania."