Charles T. Schenck was the secretary of the Socialist Party of America in Philadelphia during the First World War and involved in the 1919 Supreme Court case Schenck v. United States. Schenck had been indicted and tried for distributing 15,000 subversive leaflets to prospective military draftees during World War I. The leaflets urged the potential draftees to refuse to serve, if drafted, on the grounds that military conscription constituted involuntary servitude, which is prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment. The Federal government held the position that Schenck's actions violated the Espionage Act of 1917.