East Minus West Equals Zero: Russia's Debt to the Western World 862-1962 is a 1962 non-fiction book by Werner Keller, a journalist and historian. The author asserts that all culture and civilization of Russia and Eastern Slavs in general, including political institutions, social order, scientific and technological advances, have their ultimate origin in the Western Civilization and its creative potential. These achievements were culturally imported through imitation, emulation, influence of Western element in Russia (dynastic and demographic) and import of technology and, in contemporary times, industrial espionage.