Second-order cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It was developed between approximately 1968 and 1975 by Margaret Mead, Heinz von Foerster and others. Von Foerster referred to it as the cybernetics of "observing systems" whereas first order cybernetics is that of "observed systems". It is sometimes referred to as the "new cybernetics", the term preferred by Gordon Pask, and is closely allied to radical constructivism, which was developed around the same time by Ernst von Glasersfeld. While it is sometimes considered a radical break from the earlier concerns of cybernetics, there is much continuity with previous work and it can be thought of as the compl
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Anthony WildenAustrian AmericansAutonomous agency theoryAutopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the LivingBradford KeeneyConstructivist FoundationsCyberneticistCyberneticsCybernetics (disambiguation)Cybernetics and Human KnowingCybernetics of cyberneticsDouble-loop learningFolklore studiesGregory BatesonHeinz von FoersterHolon (philosophy)Humberto MaturanaHypostatic model of personalityLarry RichardsList of academic fieldsLuis Berríos-NegrónMacy conferencesManagement cyberneticsMetacyberneticsNew CybenerticsNew CyberneticsNew Cybernetics (Gordon Pask)New cyberneticsNiklas LuhmannOuroborosOutline of academic disciplinesOutline of formal sciencePersonality systematicsPeter KriegPharmacocyberneticsRanulph GlanvilleSecond-order cyberneticsSecond order cyberneticsSocial complexityStuart Umpleby
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Second-order cybernetics
Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It was developed between approximately 1968 and 1975 by Margaret Mead, Heinz von Foerster and others. Von Foerster referred to it as the cybernetics of "observing systems" whereas first order cybernetics is that of "observed systems". It is sometimes referred to as the "new cybernetics", the term preferred by Gordon Pask, and is closely allied to radical constructivism, which was developed around the same time by Ernst von Glasersfeld. While it is sometimes considered a radical break from the earlier concerns of cybernetics, there is much continuity with previous work and it can be thought of as the compl
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Kybernetika druhého řádu je te ...... tří
* Humberto Maturana
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*
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La cibernética de segundo orde ...... como parte del sistema mismo.
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Second-order cybernetics, also ...... rcularity is taken seriously".
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Кибернетика второго порядка, т ...... » ему (von Glasersfeld, 1987).
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Kybernetika druhého řádu je te ...... tří
* Humberto Maturana
*
*
@cs
La cibernética de segundo orde ...... como parte del sistema mismo.
@es
Second-order cybernetics, also ...... can be thought of as the compl
@en
Кибернетика второго порядка, т ...... » ему (von Glasersfeld, 1987).
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label
Cibernética de segundo orden
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Kybernetik zweiter Ordnung
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Kybernetika druhého řádu
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Second-order cybernetics
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Кибернетика второго порядка
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