Rudolf Buchheim (1 March 1820 – 25 December 1879) was a German pharmacologist born in Bautzen (Budziszyn). In 1845 he earned his doctorate from the University of Leipzig and shortly after became an associate professor of pharmacology, dietetics, history of medicine and medical literature at the University of Dorpat. In 1849 he was chosen as a full professor of pharmacology. While at Dorpat he created the first pharmacological institute at that school. In 1867 he became professor of pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Giessen.